The research discusses the evolution of precision medicine in breast cancer care, emphasizing the importance of advanced tumor testing and personalized treatment options. It highlights the need for standardization in pre-analytic factors to ensure high-quality tissue specimens for biomarker and molecular testing, which is crucial for effective patient care.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly invasive subtype of breast cancer associated with poor survival rates and complex genomic profiles. The research highlights the challenges in accurately assessing protein expression levels from mRNA data, which affects targeted therapy and prognostic predictions. Ongoing biomarker research aims to enhance diagnosis and treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes in TNBC management.

This review examines the role of molecular profiling in managing breast cancer therapy, highlighting advancements in next-generation sequencing and liquid biopsies that facilitate the identification of molecular subtypes and blood-based biomarkers. By integrating molecular profiling with traditional clinical data, the research suggests that personalized treatment strategies can enhance patient outcomes and addresses the challenges and future prospects of implementing such approaches in breast cancer management.

Precision medicine in breast cancer customizes diagnosis and treatment based on individual and tumor characteristics, moving away from traditional methods. It emphasizes the importance of genetic testing and molecular subtyping to guide personalized therapies, including targeted treatments and immunotherapy, while also addressing challenges like accessibility and tumor complexity. The goal is to optimize treatment efficacy, reduce side effects, and improve patients’ quality of life.

The study investigates the molecular features of breast tumors in young women (≤40 years) compared to older women (≥65 years), revealing that young women exhibit more TP53 and BRCA1 mutations, while older women show higher androgen receptor expression and PIK3CA mutations. These distinct molecular aberrations suggest potential avenues for refining treatment strategies for both age groups.

The research establishes guidelines for the collection and handling of tumor tissue in female-specific cancers, aiming to enhance the quality of samples for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses. These guidelines are essential for informing therapeutic decisions and improving patient outcomes in precision medicine.

The review highlights the increasing incidence of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in women aged 40 and younger, who face unique challenges such as late diagnoses and aggressive disease subtypes. It emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary healthcare approach to improve outcomes and quality of life for this underrepresented group, while summarizing key risk factors and treatment responses.